BANJO The banjo is a stringed instrument. A skin (nowadays mostly made of plastic) is placed over the resonator - a round frame usually made of wood with or without a base (resonator) - and is adjusted using tension screws. The fingerboard of the banjo in its modern form has frets like the guitar, but was fretless until the end of the 19th century. This feature is becoming increasingly popular again today because it can be used to produce intermediate tones that are rich in old-time music (similar to the blues). The precursor of the banjo was brought to the American continent by the Africans - a skin-covered gourd with three strings, with the shortened high string on top and operated with the thumb. The earliest mention of a banjo can be found in a document from Haiti from 1678. It is referred to there as a banza. The instrument and playing style (striking instead of plucking technique) were adopted and further developed by the poorer white population of the Cotton Belt. At the end of the 19th century, the banjo became popular in the northern states and its playing style was adapted to that of the guitar. However, this meant that the banjo was in danger of losing its independence. It only had one advantage: volume. This property meant that it could be used as a rhythm instrument in rag, jazz and swing bands. However, the unchanging and consequently often dissonant 5th string was a problem with the complex harmonic progressions, so it was simply left out. While the now four-stringed tenor banjo was used in big bands to accompany rhythmic chords, the Irish discovered it as a melody instrument for their music. The strings are plucked with a plectrum, similar to the mandolin. With the birth of the radio and the record in the early 1920s, the plucking style of the north merged with the traditional songs of the south and formed a new trend, the bluegrass (BG), whose players with their virtuoso handling of the instruments made the original clawhammer style almost forgotten. In the latter, the strings are struck from above with the nail of the index or middle finger, with the thumb on the 5th string performing a kind of syncopated treble drone. The rediscovery of this playing style began with the folk revival in the early 1950s. Since then, it has gradually developed into the dominant playing technique in the USA, together with its traditional genre, old-time (OT) music. Depending on the musical requirements, BG and OT or clawhammer banjos differ not only in the way they are played but also in their construction. The BG requires virtuoso, solo playing, and so the BG player strives for a distinctive, metallic sound, which he achieves with the help of a heavy tone ring. In addition, he uses a wooden back wall as a resonance surface, which reflects the sound forwards through sound gaps, and also metal finger picks. The OT banjoist, on the other hand, sees himself as an accompanist of the fiddle, with which he seeks a tonal fusion. He therefore does without a resonator and often also without a tone ring. And if his instrument has one, he dampens the sound by putting a rolled-up towel or something similar in the shell. |
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DOBRO Dobro is the brand of a manufacturer of resonator guitars. The name comes from 5 Czechoslovak immigrants - the Dopyera Brothers – who started a guitar manufacturing company in 1927. Two years later John, Rudy und Ed Dopyera founded their own company that they named “Dobro”. As Dobro also means “good” in many Slavic languages, it is a very nice play upon words. The trademark Dobro is owned now by the guitar manufacturer Gibson. The resonator on a guitar originally had the purpose to increase the volume when electronic amplifiers did not yet exist. It is a metal part on the top of the guitar body looking very much like a hubcap. It makes the very special sound of this instrument. Today the word Dobro is mostly the synonym for resonator guitars that are played as a slide or steel guitar. One way to play is to use a piece of glass or brass tube that the player puts on a finger of his left hand to slide it over the strings. In bluegrass music the Dobro is played lying on the players lap with the strings upwards. Instead of the tube a “steel bar” held in the left hand is used to play the strings. This way of playing is also called Hawaiian style. A man called Joseph Kekuku from Waikiki is acknowledged as the inventor of the Hawaiian steel guitar. As the story goes, as a schoolboy in the 1880’s he was playing comb and tissue paper while resting his guitar on his lap. The comb slipped, struck the guitar strings and the rest is a history of slides and whines. The instrument was given a higher action (distance between the fret board and the strings) and a square neck to give it a more stable position when lying on your lap. This style is also used to play the pedal steel guitar. Martin has a few square neck resonator guitars, amongst others a Scheerhorn and an original Dobro by the Dopyera Brothers, a model F30 from 1936. |
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FIDDLE In many kinds of folk music the fiddle plays an important role, especially in Irish and Scottish folk music. But also music styles like bluegrass, country, cajun or even jazz are unthinkable without the fiddle. Although every violin can be played as a fiddle, some forms have come out unknown in classic music and are therefore limited to fiddling. E.g. some American fiddlers have the bridge sometimes shaved down so that it is less curved. This makes it easier to play double stops and triple stops, allowing one to play chords with less effort. In addition, many fiddle players prefer to use a tailpiece with fine tuners on all four strings instead of only using one on the E string as many classical players do. Many of the old time fiddlers use other tunings e.g. A-E-A-E to be able to play certain tunes more easily. In the old days, the fiddlers learned to play without learning to read notes. It was passed from grandfather, uncle or neighbor to the next generation by showing how it was done without straining theory. The word violin comes from Italian. The Guarneri and the Stradivari from Cremona, Italy, were the most famous violin makers. Ewe prefers to play a violin that comes from the flea market. He repairs it and then decides whether it is a Stradivari for him or not.
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MANDOLIN Mandolins evolved from the lute family in Italy during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The deep bowled mandolin, produced particularly in Naples, became common in the nineteenth century. The original instrument was the mandore, which evolved in the fourteenth century from the lute. Over time and as the instrument spread around Europe, it took on many names and various structural characteristics. It is tuned like the violin and it has 4 double strings. The strings are played with a pick, different from a lute that is played with the fingers. Classic mandolins have the shape of an almond, which is what gave the instrument its name. In the USA, Orville Gibson started in 1890 to manufacture flat mandolins, designed like violins or German mandolins. He made two versions: the A-type mandolin with a symmetrical shape and an oval sound hole and the F-type mandolin with a scroll on one and a cutaway on the other side and f-holes (sound holes). By the year 1910 these mandolins were prevailed more and more over the classical shape. They were being played in mandolin orchestras, ragtime bands and vaudeville shows. Wolfgang plays a Gibson F5 mandolin from 1980 manufactured by Gibson, Kalamazoo, Michigan. |
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GITARRE The guitar is a plucked string instrument, usually played with fingers or a pick. The guitar consists of a body with a rigid neck to which the strings, generally six in number, are attached. Guitars are traditionally constructed of various woods and strung with animal gut or, more recently, with either nylon or steel strings. Some modern guitars are made of polycarbonate materials. Guitars are made and repaired by luthiers. There are two primary families of guitars: acoustic and electric. Acoustic guitars (and similar instruments) with hollow bodies have been in use for over a thousand years. There are three main types of modern acoustic guitar: the classical guitar (nylon-string guitar), the steel-string acoustic guitar, and the arch top guitar. The tone of an acoustic guitar is produced by the vibration of the strings, which is amplified by the body of the guitar, which acts as a resonating chamber. The classical guitar is often played as a solo instrument using a comprehensive finger picking technique. Electric guitars, introduced in the 1930s, rely on an amplifier that can electronically manipulate tone. Early amplified guitars employed a hollow body, but a solid body was found more suitable. Electric guitars have had a continuing profound influence on popular culture. Guitars are recognized as a primary instrument in genres such as blues, bluegrass, country, flamenco, jazz, jota, mariachi, metal, reggae, rock, soul, and many forms of pop. Egbert plays a Martin guitar Model D21 from 1958. |